All short-chain fatty acids standards ((acetic acid-AA (C2), propionic acid- PA (C3), butyric acid-BA (C4), isobutyric acid-IBA (C4), valeric acid- VA (C5), isovaleric acid-IVA (C5), caproic acid—CA (C6), isocaproic acid ICA (C6)) and short-chain fatty acid isotope-labeled standards (acetic acid-13C2, propionic acid-D6, butyric acid-13C2, isobutyric acid-D7, valeric acid-D9), pyridine anhydrous, 2-nitro phenylhydrazine (3NPH·HCl), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC·HCl)) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All SCFAs stock solutions were prepared in 50% acetonitrile and stored at −20 °C. LC-MS grade acetonitrile, HPLC-grade acetonitrile, HPLC-grade methanol, and formic acid were obtained from J.T. Baker. Ultra-pure water (Mili-Q water) was produced using a water purification system (Mili-Q, Millipore, Milford, MA, USA).
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