Bacterial Strains Characterization Protocol

In this study, we used six serovars of S. enterica, including Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Newport, Heidelberg, Kentucky, and Gallinarum. Out of these six serovars, S. Typhimurium (ATCC LT2) and S. Enteritidis (ATCC13076) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and S. Newport, S. Heidelberg, S. Kentucky, and S. Gallinarum were isolated from animal farms and characterized previously in our laboratory [17 (link)]. In addition, a Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157: H7 EDL933 (ATCC 700927) was also used (Table 1). All strains were previously preserved in 40% glycerol (v/v) at −80 °C and revived on Luria–Bertani (LB) agar (Becton, Dickinson and Co., Sparks, MD, USA) through incubation at 37 °C overnight.