Tetraploid blastocysts were produced by electrofusion, and ES cells injected to make entirely ES-cell-derived embryos by tetraploid complementation (Nagy et al., 1993 (
link)). Whole-mount X-gal staining of embryos was performed at E11.5 as described previously (Lettice et al., 2003 (
link)), but on this occasion the staining was allowed to proceed at room temperature for between 1 and 18 h in a concentration of 300 µg/ml X-gal.
Wild-type mouse embryos were harvested at E11.5 and
in situ hybridisation was performed with DIG-labelled gene-specific antisense probes as previously described (Hecksher-Sorensen et al., 1998 (
link)).
Probes were generated for
Lmbr1,
Rnf32,
Nom1 and
Rbm33 by RT-PCR and cloned into the
pBluescript vector (Agilent Technologies) (primers are listed in
supplementary material Table S1). The
Shh probe was kindly provided by Andy McMahon (Echelard et al., 1993 (
link)) and the
Cnpy1 and
En2 probes by Jean M Herbert (Paek et al., 2012 (
link)).