Sections were cut at 3 μm from individual paraffin-embedded blocks and immunostained for mouse monoclonal anti-αSMA (M0851, Dako; 1:400 dilution), mouse polyclonal anti-collagen-1 (AB34710, Abcam; 1:250 dilution) and polyclonal rabbit fibronectin (A0245, Dako; 1:1000 dilution) for 90 min at room temperature. Species-appropriate isotype-matched immunoglobulin G (X0931 clone DAK-GO1; Dako) was incorporated. Bound antibodies were elaborated using peroxidase-labelled Envision (K4001; Dako) and diaminobenzidine (K3468; Dako). In addition, we incorporated an overlapping group of smoker and COPD tissues from a previous study [15 (link)] in which SAs had been stained in the same way as described earlier for S100A4 and vimentin, both EMT activity markers in epithelium, where they are co-expressed with epithelial proteins.