Cognitive assessments were conducted between August 2009 and February 2020 for various ancillary studies. These include: Look AHEAD Physical and Cognitive Function (Aug 2009-Jun 2012, n= 977); Look AHEAD M&M/Brain (Nov 2011-Aug 2013, n=601); and Look AHEAD-C (Aug 2013-Dec 2014; n=3,750). The same cognitive protocol was instituted in Look AHEAD-MIND (May 2018-Feb 2020, n=2451), for a total of 4 possible assessments which varied in the numbers of participants who completed each. For each of these cognitive assessments, staff were centrally trained and certified in administration of the standardized assessments and they were masked to participant’s randomization status.[13 (link)] The assessments comprised the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT),[21 ] Digit Symbol Coding (DSC),[22 ] the Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop),[23 ] and the Trail Making Test Parts A and B (Trails A, Trails B).[24 ] The Modified Mini Mental Status Exam (3MS)[25 (link)] was used to assess global cognitive function. Participants scoring below pre-specified age and education-specific cut points triggered administration of the Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) to a proxy informant previously identified by the participant. The FAQ assesses functional status and performance on instrumental activities of daily living.[26 (link)]