This study was conducted in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki. All tumor and blood samples were collected with patient consent under protocols approved at Yokohama City University (YCU) Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Institutional Review Boards. To create glioma tumorsphere lines, fresh tumor specimens were obtained from surgery and enzymatically dissociated with 0.1% of Trypsin and DNase. Tumorsphere lines were cultured in serum-free neural stem cell medium, as previously described (3 (link),25 (link),28 (link)). All tumorsphere lines were cryopreserved less than passage 3 to use for in vitro experiments. Temozolomide (TMZ, Sigma), Nimustine (ACNU, Tokyo Chemical Industry), Lomustine (CCNU), Procarbazine (Sigma), Vincristine (Sigma), FK866 (Sigma), LY294002 (Sellek), GDC-0068 (Cayman), BYL719 (Cayman), Everolimus (Cayman), and AGI-5198 (Sigma) were used.