Pharmacological Interventions for Neuroinflammation

On the day of injection, fresh solutions were prepared by dissolving compounds in sterile endotoxin-free isotonic saline. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5mg/kg; L-4130, serotype 0111:B4, Sigma-Aldrich) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF; Catalog number: D1916) and 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (5,7-DHF: Catalog number: C1652) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Supplementary Figure 1). 7,8-DHF (1, 3, or 10mg/kg, i.p.) and 5,7-DHF (10mg/kg, i.p.) were prepared in a vehicle of 17% dimethylsulfoxide in phosphate-buffered saline (Ren et al., 2013 (link)
2014 (link)). ANA-12, N2-(2-{[(2-oxoazepan-3-yl) amino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide (0.5mg/kg, i.p., Catalog number: BTB06525SC, Maybridge; Supplementary Figure 1), was dissolved in 1% dimethylsulfoxide in physiological saline. Paroxetine (as the hydrochloride salt, at 10mg/kg, i.p.) and venlafaxine (as the hydrochloride salt, at 10mg/kg, i.p.; Wako Pure Chemical Ltd.) were dissolved in physiological saline. Rapamycin (0.2 nmol/L in 2 µL, Calbiochem-Novabiochem) was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), after the mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital (5mg/kg). The dose of rapamycin was selected as previously reported (Li et al., 2010 (link)
2011 (link)). The doses of 7,8-DHF and ANA-12 were also selected as previously reported (Ren et al., 2013 (link)
2014 (link); Cazorla et al., 2011 (link)).