Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC3; CRL-1687, PANC-1; CRL-1469) were purchased from the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). The immortalized epithelial cell line (HPDE) that derived from normal human pancreatic duct was provided by Dr. Ming-Sound Tsao (Ontario Cancer Institute, Canada) (Furukawa et al., 1996 (link); Makawita et al., 2011 ; Pramanik et al., 2011 (link); Radulovich et al., 2008 (link)). PANC-1 cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin. BxPC3 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin. HPDE cells were maintained in Keratinocyte-SFM media with bovine pituitary extract (BPE) and human recombinant EGF. All cells were cultured in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 and a humidified atmosphere.