The porcine models were kept fasting for 12 hours before administration of general anesthesia. Anesthesia was achieved using tiletamine zolazepam (5 mg/kg), xylazine (2 mg/kg), and 2%–3% sevoflurane ventilation. Preoperative intravenous cefazolin (30 mg/kg) and postoperative intramuscular (IM) DS Buta D-PPS (0.1 mL/kg) (Daesung Microbiological Labs, Co., Ltd.) were administered as antibiotics. If necessary, ketoprofen (3 mg/kg IM) was administered at the discretion of the veterinarian for pain control.
A 7-Fr, 43-cm–long, rigid ureteroscope (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG) and an ULTRATRACK guidewire (0.035-inch, 150 cm, 5-cm straight tip, Olympus Co.) were used for ureteral stenting (Fig. 2).