This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines (Supplementary Checklist S1, Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/MD/I616).[8 (link),9 (link)] Two investigators independently searched for studies published before October 31, 2022 in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The search keywords were “immune checkpoint inhibitors, ‘PD1 inhibitors’, ‘PDL1 inhibitors’, ‘nivolumab’, ‘pembrolizumab’, ‘camrelizumab’, and ‘radiotherapy’, ‘Stereotactic body radiation therapy’, ‘SBRT’, and ‘angiogenesis inhibitors’, ‘bevacizumab’, ‘apatinib’, ‘sorafenib’, and,” “cancer,” “carcinoma,” “carcinoma,” “tumor”; the search strategy for each database is shown in Supplementary Table S1, Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/MD/I617. In addition, references to reviews and original studies were scanned to avoid missing studies that should be included.
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