NIH3T3 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37°C. HMECs and HMLER cells were cultured in HuMEC ready medium (12752010, Life Technologies). Dharmafect 2 reagent (Dharmacon) was used to transfect siRNA at 40 nM. The tetracycline-regulated rat Ubtf1 and Ubtf2 MEF-3T3 cell lines were established as reported in Sanij et al. (2008) (link). Cells were lysed, RNA was extracted, and first-strand cDNA was synthesized using random hexamer primers and Superscript III (Invitrogen). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed in duplicate using the FAST SYBR Green dye on the StepOnePlus real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). Primer sequences are listed in (Supplemental Table 20).