Bacterial pDNA (pEGFPN1, Clontech) was prepared using an endotoxin-free Kit (Qiagen). Mice were intravenously injected with 30 μg pDNA mixed with in vivo-jetPEI (Polyplus -transfection, N:P =8) or were injected s.c. with NPs (150 μg, 5-fold of vaccine dose). IDO activity was measured as described in previous reports40 (link),41 (link). Enzyme activity was expressed as the product content per hour per gram of tissue protein.