Venous blood samples were obtained using K3 EDTA Vacuette tubes (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmunster, Austria), and genomic DNA was extracted using a high salt solution according to a standard protocol [11 (link)]. Genome-wide homozygosity mapping was performed using the HumanCytoSNP-12v2.1 BeadChip (220 K; Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA). Homozygous regions were calculated using HomozygosityMapper [12 (link)] with a lower threshold of 1 Mb. For mutation analysis specific primers were used to PCR-amplify the 26 coding exons of PROM1, including intron-exon boundaries. Primer sequences were as previously described [9 (link)]. PCR was performed in a 25 µl reaction volume in the presence of 5X Readymix (LAROVA GmbH, Teltow, Germany) and 10 pmol of each forward and reverse primers. Annealing temperature was 60 °C. Mutation screening was performed with direct sequencing with the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit on an ABI 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).