Monocrotaline and Senecionine-Induced HSOS

All animals were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions at Laboratory Animal Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. Animals were housed individually in open ventilated cages with distilled water ad libitum until study started. Room temperature was monitored and maintained at 20–26 °C with the light cycle set at 12 h. monocrotaline (MCT)-treated rats, senecionine-treated mice were used as experimental models of PAs-induced HSOS [22 (link)–24 (link)]. Male Sprague Dawley rats (weight: 200–220 g) were obtained from Laboratory animal center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan, China). For MCT-treated rats, the rats (n = 32) were fasted 12 h, and then the rats were gavaged with monocrotaline (90 mg/kg, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, n = 16) or PBS (n = 16) [22 (link), 25 (link), 26 (link)]. C57BL/6 male mice were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). In mouse model of senecionine- induced HSOS, male C57BL/6 mice (8-week-old, n = 32) were fasted 12 h, and then the mice were gavaged with senecionine (100 mg/kg, Cayman chem., Ann Arbor, Michigan, n = 16) or PBS(n = 16) [18 (link), 23 (link), 24 (link), 27 (link)]. All animals were euthanized by barbiturate overdose. All the animals have received human care in compliance with the institutional animal care guidelines.