A colony formation assay was performed as described previously [47 (link), 52 (link)]. Approximately equal amounts of PANC-1 cells transfected with vector, wild-type or mutant TRPM8 were seeded in 12-well plates and allowed to grow for 7~10 days. The medium was replaced every 3 days. Cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and stained with 0.5% crystal violet staining solution (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Colonies with more than 50 cells in triplicate wells were counted.
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