For live animal imaging of nasal luciferase expression 16 (link), mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and D-luciferin (Gold Biotechnology, St Louis, MO, USA) substrate (20 μl of 25mg/ml D-luciferin in PBS) was delivered by intranasal administration 35 (link). Mice were imaged using the IVIS Lumina optical imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton,MA, USA) and images of luciferase activity were collected using a charge-coupled device camera interfaced to a computer. Data is presented as the average ± S.E.M.in photons/sec/cm2.