The FXR activator GW 40644 [27 (link)], as well as Z-Guggulsterone, an inhibitor of FXR transactivation, were used to target FXR [30 (link)]. RG-239, a 3β-allyl semisynthetic derivative of betallinic acid, was used as a selective TGR5 activator [29 (link)]. The dual FXR/TGR5 ligand obeticholic acid (INT 747) [15 (link)] was also used. To target the liver X receptor (LXR), the LXRα agonist WAY 252623 [75 (link)] and LXRα antagonist GSK2033 [31 (link)] were used.
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