1×105 fibroblasts (cultured without antibiotics for 24 hours) were electroporated with 0.5 µg iPSC episomal vector mixture(17 (link)) using a 10 µl kit neon transfection system (Thermo Fisher MPK1096) (1300V, 20ms, 2 pulses), and plated into one well of a Matrigel-coated 6-well plate. Cells were cultured in E8 media(18 (link)) plus 0.1µM hydrocortisone until confluency was ~20% (typically 5–10 days), at which point cells were cultured in E7 media (E8 without TGF-β) until PSC colonies were visible (typically 25–30 days post-electroporation). Individual colonies were picked and transferred to Matrigel-coated 24-well dishes and expanded and maintained in E8. For TSC2-shRNA transduced fibroblasts: cultures were transferred to E8 + hydrocortisone 48 hours following electroporation.