Saponin (MP Biomedicals, USA) was dissolved in Tyrode’s solution with adequate ultrasonic agitation for 30 min. In addition, several experiments required the hearts to be perfused with Tyrode’s solution supplemented with various reagents including ryanodine (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan), thapsigargin (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan), MDL28170 (Sigma‒Aldrich, USA), 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) or carbonyl cyanide 4-trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone (FCCP) (Abcam, UK), for specific pharmacological interventions.
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