Western blotting was performed using a SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis System according to the previous39 (link), 40 (link) description with rabbit polyclonal anti-FAP antibody (1 : 1000; LifeSpan BioSciences Inc., Seattle, WA, USA), anti-β-actin, CCND1, CDK4, p21, E2F1, and p27 (1 : 500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-C-Myc, PTEN, β-catenin, GSK-3b, p-GSK-3b(ser-9), p-Erk1/2(Tyr202/Tyr204),Erk1/2, p-MEK1/2 (Ser-217/221), MEK1,CCNE1, MMP2, MMP9, p-RB (ser780), RB, AKT, p-Akt (Ser-473), PI3K, p-PI3K (Tyr458), p16, p27, Slug, Snail, Vimentin, N-cadherin, and E-cadherin (1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA). Signals were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA).