Large preparations of VNI, FF-VNI, VFV, and F-VFV were synthesized by the Chemical Synthesis Core Facility (Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology),34 (link) and synthesis of their analogues CF3F-VNI and VFV-Cl has been described previously.9 (link),10 (link) The purity of the compounds was >95%. Voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX); isavuconazole was from Sigma-Aldrich, and fluconazole was from ICN Biomedicals. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) was purchased from Cyclodextrin Technology Development (Gainesville, FL). DEAE- and CM-Sepharose resins were from GE Healthcare, and Ni2+-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) agarose was purchased from Qiagen.