NAD, NADH, AICAR, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, octanal, betaine aldehyde, betaine, and 2-aminoadipic acid were obtained (Sigma). Cholesterol, sphingomyelin, DOPC, DOPE, DOPS, and phosphatidic acid (PA) were obtained (Avanti). Alexa 546-conjugated transferrin (Tf), Alexa 555-conjugated forms of EGF, dextran, and CT were also obtained (Invitrogen). Fugene 6 Transfection Reagent was from Promega. RNAiMax was from Invitrogen. Preparations of coatomer, ARF1, ARFGAP1, BARS, Golgi membrane, and cytosol have been described14 (link),16 (link). To generate recombinant ALDH7A1, the human cDNA was expressed in bacteria (BL21) using the pET-15b vector (Novagen), followed by isolation of the 6×-his tagged form of ALDH7A1 using a nickel column. AMPK was purified from cells by transfection of a flag-tagged construct into HeLa cells, followed by immunoprecipitation of the tagged construct from cell lysates using an anti-flag antibody (M2).
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