Primary tumors and metastatic tissues were resected, formalin fixed and/or decalcified (bone) and sent to the University of Colorado Denver Biorepository Core where tissues were paraffin-embedded. Tumors were sectioned and stained using immunohistochemistry performed as previously described [21 (link)]. Antibodies used were: MUC2 (1:10000 Abcam ab134119) and MCM2 (Cell Signaling, 4007). Images were captured using the Aperio Digital Pathology system (Leica Biosystems) and positive staining was quantified via Imagescope software (Leica). Mucicarmine staining was performed as previously reported [21 (link)] and used to assess total secreted mucins and quantify necrotic regions. For mucicarmine staining, the Aperio imaging system was used followed by quantitation using the ImageJ software (FIJI).