All procedures involving animals were approved by the UCSD Animal Care Committee, which serves to ensure that all federal guidelines concerning animal experimentation are met. Floxed Syk mice and lysozyme M (LysM) Cre recombinase transgenic mice were purchased from Jackson laboratories. Integrin α4Y991A mice and normal littermates in C57BL/6J genetic background have been described before (16 (link),21 (link)). BMDMs were isolated as described previously (16 (link)). For hypoxia experiments, MΘs were placed in a modulator incubator chamber (Billups-Rothenberg) as described before (16 (link)).