Optimized Nanomaterial Synthesis for Biomedical Applications

Octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), Bis [3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl] tetrasulfide (BTPT), tannic acid (TA), tetramethyl benzidine (TMB), and new indocyanine green (IR820) were purchased from Innochem Technology Corporation (Beijing, China). Triethanolamine (TEA), ammonium hydroxide (NH₃·H₂O), cupric chloride pentahydrate (CuCl₂·H₂O), glutathione (GSH), and dithio-dinitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) were purchased from Energy Chemical Corporation (Shanghai, China). Calcein-AM and PI were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Nantong, China). Phosphate Buffer Solution, Fetal Bovine Serum, DMEM medium, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Beijing Holide Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All cells were cultured at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.