To determine the effect of VAP on ADSCs, ADSCs were treated with VAP at different concentrations (0, 6, 12, 25, and 50 μg/mL). To figure out the roles of PI3K/Akt and HIF-1α signaling in ADSCs, ADSCs were divided into four groups as follows: Control, VAP, VAP+LY294002 and VAP + Perifosine groups. Control group: cells received no treatment; VAP group: cells were treated with 25 μg/mL VAP; VAP+LY294002 group: cells were pre-treated with 30 μM LY294002 (PI3K family specific inhibitor, 19–142, Sigma-Aldrich) [19 (link)] for 2 h, and then treated with 25 μg/mL VAP for an indicated time; VAP + Perifosine group: cells were pre-treated with 10 μM Perifosine (Akt-specific inhibitor, SC0227, Beyotime) for 2 h, and then treated with 25 μg/mL VAP for an indicated time.