The Western blotting was performed as previously described (Zhu et al. 2016 (link)). The expression of Flag-tagged or Myc-tagged exogenous proteins was detected by anti-Flag (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc) and anti-Myc (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibodies respectively. Antibody for endogenous PRDX6 detection was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. FMDV-positive serum (prepared by our lab previously) was used as the primary antibody to detect FMDV proteins. Rabbit anti-SVA-VP2 and SVA-3Cpro antibodies were prepared by our lab. The anti-rabbit, anti-mouse or anti-pig secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase were used for detection of the antigen–antibody complexes. Specific bands were visualized with enhanced chemiluminescent substrate (ECL). Each blot was stripped and reblotted with anti-β-actin (Sigma) antibody for loading control. Each immunoblot assay was carried out at least three times and one of them was presented.