Patients who were newly diagnosed BPH between January 2007 and December 2012, and subsequently received prostate surgery were included. The ICD code for BPH was ICD-9-CM 600. The exclusion criteria included prostate cancer diagnosed before or after surgery, transurethral incision or resection within a year before surgery, history of open prostatectomy, and history of spinal cord injury. History of prostate cancer was identified by medical records, preoperative transurethral biopsy results, and biopsy retrieved peri-operatively. All patients included were followed up to December 2021 for last hospital visit or death.
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