AAV2/1.CMV.PI.Cre.RBG was purchased from Penn Vector Core (Philadelphia, PA). Drp1 shRNA-smCBA-mTagBFP2 was cloned into the pTR-CBA eGFP vector to replace eGFP [Drp1-targeting shRNA was a gift of S. Strack, University of Iowa (73 (link))]. The following constructs were previously cloned into the pCAGGS vector downstream of the chicken actin promoter: ATP-YEMK (gift of H. Noji, Osaka University) (74 (link)), Cre recombinase (2 (link)), EGFP-LC3 (Addgene), mitoGFP (4 (link)), and mitoTagBFP (2 (link)). mitoFarRed was generated by fusing TagRFP657 [gift from V. Verkhusha (Albert Einstein)] to the mitochondria-targeting sequence, cytochrome C oxidase subunit VIII (75 (link), 76 (link)), and mitoKeima was generated by cloning mito-mKeima from pIND-mito-mKeima (gift of A. Miyawaki) into pCAGGs. OM-GFP was made by fusing the OM-targeting sequence of rat Tom20 to GFP (77 (link)). GFP-Parkin was made by fusing GFP to Parkin (gift from A. Abeliovich, Columbia) and Matrix-roGFP from Addgene. pGW1-mitoEOS2 was cloned into the pGW1 from pEOS2-mito.