T0901317, 9-cis-retinoic acid, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), GLP-1 (7–37), and exendin-(9–39) were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Endotoxin, fatty-acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the PKA inhibitor 14–22 amide were purchased from Calbiochem (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Sitagliptin phosphate and vildagliptin were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada).
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