RBC Glutathione Quantification Protocol

RBC glutathione levels were measured using a GSSG/GSH Quantification Kit (Dojindo) according to the manufacturer’s protocol^{38 (link)}. Briefly, RBCs were hemolyzed with 10 times the amount of 5% 5-sulfosalicylic acid solution (FUJIFILM Wako), and the samples were centrifuged at 8000 × g for 10 min to remove proteins^{7 (link)}. The samples and buffer solution were mixed and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. Then Substrate and Enzyme/coenzyme working solution was added. After 10 min of incubation, absorbance was measured at 412 nm using a Varioskan LUX plate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Kanagawa, Japan). The number of mice in each group is shown in Supplementary Table S1.