The GBD cancer mortality and YLL estimation process included 2 primary steps (eFigure 2 in the Supplement), beginning with the estimation of cancer MIRs, which provide an association between mortality and incidence estimation, maximizing data availability. The MIRs were modeled using a space-time Gaussian process regression approach26 (link) (MIR methods are described in the eAppendix in the Supplement) using matched incidence and mortality data from cancer registries (eTable 6 in the Supplement) and the GBD-estimated health care access and quality index33 (link) as a covariate. These estimated MIRs were then used to convert cancer registry incidence data into inputs for mortality modeling. Estimating cancer mortality was the second step. The GBD 2019 study used a Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach that combined data from vital registration systems, cancer registries, and verbal autopsy reports to estimate mortality across several submodels.34 (link) Covariates provided for potential inclusion in the submodels of the ensemble, such as smoking prevalence or alcohol use, can be found in the eAppendix and eTables 7 and 8 in the Supplement. Ensemble model construction and performance was evaluated through out-of-sample predictive validity tests (eTable 9 in the Supplement). For each cancer, sex-specific CODEm models generated mortality estimates across locations, years, and age groups. These cancer mortality estimates were then scaled to align with the total mortality for all causes of death, which was separately estimated in GBD 2019 (eTable 10 in the Supplement).21 (link) To estimate YLLs, a standard age-specific GBD life expectancy was applied to mortality estimates by age group (eAppendix in the Supplement).20 (link)The GBD cancer incidence and YLD estimation process included 2 additional steps (eFigure 3 in the Supplement), starting with estimating incidence. Incidence was estimated by taking mortality estimates from the second step described previously and dividing by MIR estimates from the first step described previously for each cancer type, sex, location, year, and 5-year age group. Additional information can be found in the eAppendix in the Supplement. Next, YLDs were estimated by combining prevalence estimates with disability weights associated with various phases of cancer survival. To estimate 10-year cancer prevalence, survival curves estimated from MIRs were combined with GBD-estimated background mortality and applied to incidence estimates. Additional information regarding survival and prevalence estimation can be found in the eAppendix and eFigure 3 in the Supplement. These 10-year prevalence estimates were then partitioned into 4 sequelae according to the expected person-time spent in these 4 phases of cancer survival: (1) diagnosis/treatment, (2) remission, (3) metastatic/disseminated, and (4) terminal (eTable 11 in the Supplement). Each sequela prevalence was multiplied by a sequela-specific disability weight that represented the magnitude of health loss (eTable 12 in the Supplement).20 (link) For 5 cancer types (bladder, breast, colorectal, larynx, and prostate cancer), the total prevalence additionally included lifetime prevalence of procedure-related disability (eg, laryngectomy due to larynx cancer). These procedure-related prevalence estimates were modeled in the Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR, version 2.1,20 (link) using medical records data on the proportion of patients with cancer who underwent these procedures and the estimated number of 10-year survivors (eAppendix in the Supplement). These procedure-related prevalence estimates were then multiplied by procedure-specific disability weights (eTable 12 in the Supplement). Total cancer-specific YLDs were estimated by summing across these sequelae. Finally, DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs.20 (link)
Kocarnik J.M., Compton K., Dean F.E., Fu W., Gaw B.L., Harvey J.D., Henrikson H.J., Lu D., Pennini A., Xu R., Ababneh E., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abedi A., Abidi H., Abolhassani H., Adedeji I.A., Adnani Q.E., Advani S.M., Afzal M.S., Aghaali M., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi S., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Akalu G.T., Aklilu A., Akram T., Akunna C.J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Ali S., Alimohamadi Y., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Alkhayyat M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Al-Maweri S.A., Almustanyir S., Alonso N., Alvis-Guzman N., Amu H., Anbesu E.W., Ancuceanu R., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antwi M.H., Anvari D., Anyasodor A.E., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Ariffin H., Aripov T., Arshad M., Artaman A., Arulappan J., Asemi Z., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashraf T., Atorkey P., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Awedew A.F., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayenew T., Azab M.A., Azadnajafabad S., Azari Jafari A., Azarian G., Azzam A.Y., Badiye A.D., Bahadory S., Baig A.A., Baker J.L., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Bärnighausen T.W., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barrow A., Behzadifar M., Belgaumi U.I., Bezabhe W.M., Bezabih Y.M., Bhagat D.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bhojaraja V.S., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Bisignano C., Bjørge T., Bleyer A., Blyuss O., Bolarinwa O.A., Bolla S.R., Braithwaite D., Brar A., Brenner H., Bustamante-Teixeira M.T., Butt N.S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Cao Y., Carreras G., Catalá-López F., Cembranel F., Cerin E., Cernigliaro A., Chakinala R.C., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chimed-Ochir O., Cho D.Y., Christopher D.J., Chu D.T., Chung M.T., Conde J., Cortés S., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Cunha A.R., Dadras O., Dagnew A.B., Dahlawi S.M., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., Darwesh A.M., das Neves J., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutiérrez E., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M.L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doaei S., Dorostkar F., dos Santos Figueiredo F.W., Driscoll T.R., Ebrahimi H., Eftekharzadeh S., El Tantawi M., El-Abid H., Elbarazi I., Elhabashy H.R., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S.I., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Etemadi A., Ezzikouri S., Faisaluddin M., Faraon E.J., Fares J., Farzadfar F., Feroze A.H., Ferrero S., Ferro Desideri L., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gaal P.A., Gad M.M., Gadanya M.A., Gallus S., Gaspar Fonseca M., Getachew Obsa A., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gholamalizadeh M., Gilani S.A., Ginindza T.G., Gizaw A.T., Glasbey J.C., Golechha M., Goleij P., Gomez R.S., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goudarzi H., Grosso G., Gubari M.I., Guerra M.R., Guha A., Gunasekera D.S., Gupta B., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Gutiérrez R.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haider M.R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halwani R., Hamadeh R.R., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Haque S., Harlianto N.I., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hassanipour S., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Heidari M., Herrera-Serna B.Y., Herteliu C., Hezam K., Holla R., Hossain M.M., Hossain M.B., Hosseini M.S., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Huang J., Hugo F.N., Hussain R., Hussein N.R., Hwang B.F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ida F., Ikuta K.S., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Irham L.M., Islam J.Y., Islam R.M., Islam S.M., Ismail N.E., Isola G., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jain V., Jakovljevic M.B., Javaheri T., Jayaram S., Jazayeri S.B., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Joo T., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jürisson M., Kabir A., Kahrizi D., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kaliyadan F., Kalkonde Y., Kamath A., Kameran Al-Salihi N., Kandel H., Kapoor N., Karch A., Kasa A.S., Katikireddi S.V., Kauppila J.H., Kavetskyy T., Kebede S.A., Keshavarz P., Keykhaei M., Khader Y.S., Khalilov R., Khan G., Khan M., Khan M.N., Khan M.A., Khang Y.H., Khater A.M., Khayamzadeh M., Kim G.R., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kopec J.A., Koteeswaran R., Koul P.A., Koulmane Laxminarayana S.L., Koyanagi A., Kucuk Bicer B., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar N., Kurmi O.P., Kutluk T., La Vecchia C., Lami F.H., Landires I., Lauriola P., Lee S.W., Lee S.W., Lee W.C., Lee Y.H., Leigh J., Leong E., Li J., Li M.C., Liu X., Loureiro J.A., Lunevicius R., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Majeed A., Makki A., Male S., Malik A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Masoumi S.Z., Mathur P., McKee M., Mehrotra R., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha E.W., Mesregah M.K., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Miller T.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei H.R., Misra S., Mithra P., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammadi M., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Moka N., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moni M.A., Moosavi M.A., Moradi Y., Moraga P., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mubarik S., Mwanri L., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Nagata C., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Naqvi A.A., Narasimha Swamy S., Ndejjo R., Nduaguba S.O., Negoi I., Negru S.M., Neupane Kandel S., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L., Niazi R.K., Nnaji C.A., Noor N.M., Nuñez-Samudio V., Nzoputam C.I., Oancea B., Ochir C., Odukoya O.O., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olakunde B.O., Omar E., Omar Bali A., Omonisi A.E., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Orru H., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panagiotakos D., Panda-Jonas S., Pardhan S., Park E.C., Park E.K., Pashazadeh Kan F., Patel H.K., Patel J.R., Pati S., Pattanshetty S.M., Paudel U., Pereira D.M., Pereira R.B., Perianayagam A., Pillay J.D., Pirouzpanah S., Pishgar F., Podder I., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Prashant A., Preotescu L., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Radhakrishnan R.A., Radhakrishnan V., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahimzadeh S., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rajai N., Rajesh A., Rakovac I., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat K., Ranasinghe P., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rawassizadeh R., Razeghinia M.S., Renzaho A.M., Rezaei N., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Roberts T.J., Rodriguez J.A., Rohloff P., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rwegerera G.M., S M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Sahoo H., Salehi S., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Samaei M., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sankararaman S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sardiwalla Y., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saylan M., Schneider I.J., Sekerija M., Seylani A., Shafaat O., Shaghaghi Z., Shaikh M.A., Shamsoddin E., Shannawaz M., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty A., Shetty J.K., Shetty P.H., Shibuya K., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Siddappa Malleshappa S.K., Silva D.A., Singh J.A., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Soeberg M.J., Sofi-Mahmudi A., Sotoudeh H., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Subedi R., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Sultana S., Sur D., Szerencsés V., Szócska M., Tabarés-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadbiri H., Taherkhani A., Takahashi K., Talaat I.M., Tan K.K., Tat V.Y., Tedla B.A., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.H., Tesfay F.H., Tessema G.A., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Thoguluva Chandrasekar V., Thomas N., Tohidinik H.R., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tran M.T., Tripathy J.P., Tusa B.S., Ullah I., Ullah S., Umapathi K.K., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vacante M., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Velazquez D.Z., Veroux M., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vo B., Volovici V., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wamai R.G., Ward P., Wen Y.F., Westerman R., Winkler A.S., Yadav L., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yang L., Yaya S., Yazie T.S., Yeshaw Y., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yuce D., Yunusa I., Zadnik V., Zare F., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang J., Zhong C., Zhou L., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Zimmermann I.R., Fitzmaurice C., Murray C.J, & Force L.M. (2021). Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. JAMA Oncology, 8(3), 420-444.
Corresponding Organization : University of Washington
Other organizations :
Boston University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tanta University, Jahrom University, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, University of Southern California, Yasouj University, Karolinska University Hospital, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata, Auckland University of Technology, Terasaki Foundation, Georgetown University, University of Management and Technology, Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services, University of Technology Sydney, Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Southeast University, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa University, Arba Minch University, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Federal Ministry of Health, Hamad Medical Corporation, Mayo Clinic, Washington University in St. Louis, Sultan Qaboos University, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Kuwait University, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, National University of Malaysia, Arak University of Medical Sciences, University of Jordan, Qatar University, Sana'a University, Ministry of Health, Alfaisal University, Universidade de São Paulo, University of the Coast, University of Cartagena, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Samara University, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research & Education Organization, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana Health Service, Iranshahr University, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birmingham City University, University of Malaya, University Malaya Medical Centre, Tashkent Institute Of Postgraduate Medical Education, Boston Children's Museum, Boston Children's Hospital, Khyber Medical University, Zayed University, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, University of Lahore, University of Newcastle Australia, Hunter New England Local Health District, National Health Service, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, University of Leicester, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, La Trobe University, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Debre Markos University, Cairo University, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, October 6 University, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Tarbiat Modares University, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Frederiksberg Hospital, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Haramaya University, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Heidelberg University, University Hospital Heidelberg, Harvard University, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, University of Genoa, University of the Gambia, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Bahir Dar University, University of Tasmania, Nantes Université, Charles University, United Arab Emirates University, Government Medical College, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Liverpool Hospital, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, University of Calcutta, Manipal University College Malaysia, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Babol University of Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Cancer Registry of Norway, University of Bergen, Oregon Health & Science University, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, University of Hertfordshire, University College London, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Nazarbayev University, University of Florida, University of Florida Health, University of Toronto, German Cancer Research Center, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, King Abdulaziz University, University of Waterloo, Shifa International Hospital, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Ottawa Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Australian Catholic University, University of Hong Kong, Regione Siciliana, Geisinger Health System, Texila American University, Saveetha University, Tata Memorial Hospital, Hiroshima University, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Wayne State University, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, University of Lisbon, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management, Centre For Sustainable Urban Development, University of Milano-Bicocca, Universidade do Porto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Walailak University, Kyoto University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, University of Human Development, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Woldia University, Jimma University, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Maulana Azad Medical College, Nepal Health Research Council, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, University of Sydney, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Alexandria University, Direction de l’Epidémiologie et de Lutte contre les Maladies, University of Tripoli, University of Maragheh, National Cancer Institute, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Rochester General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Northwestern University, Neurological Surgery, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center, A.T. Still University, University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Kobe University, Semmelweis University, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bayero University Kano, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Technical University of Denmark, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Micronesia Conservation Trust, Department of Health and Social Affairs, Hokkaido University, Sapporo University, University of Sulaimani, Case Western Reserve University, The Ohio State University, National Cancer Institute of Sri Lanka, Torrens University Australia, Deakin University, Macquarie University, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Johns Hopkins University, Ohio University, University of Sharjah, Arabian Gulf University, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Jazan University, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Al-Azhar University, King's College London, Institute of Dermatology, Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Universidad Autonoma de Manizales, London South Bank University, Taiz University, Nankai University, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, University of Dhaka, Duy Tan University, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis University, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, University of Zakho, China Medical University, University of Naples Federico II, University of Ibadan, Sanofi (United States), AVEO Oncology (United States), University College Hospital, Ibadan, University of Belgrade, University of Kragujevac, Taipei Medical University, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Moffitt Cancer Center, Monash University, Mahsa University, University of Tsukuba, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Hosei University, Government Medical College, Jacksonville University, Banaras Hindu University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, University of Tartu, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Society for Nutrition Education and Health Action, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, University of Münster, Chief Scientist Office, Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow, Karolinska Institutet, University of Oulu, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, University of Gondar, University of Georgia, New College of Florida, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Baku State University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Seoul National University Hospital, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, Xiamen University Malaysia, Tulane University, Høyskolen Kristiania, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Jagiellonian University, University of British Columbia, Research Canada, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Gazi University, Medanta The Medicity, Coventry University, McMaster University, Hacettepe University, University of Milan, University of Baghdad, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Research Council, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Gachon University, Monash University Malaysia, Taylor's University, Ajou University, Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Taiwan Normal University, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Liverpool, Ministry of Health and Population, Imperial College London, Joshi Hospital, Airlangga University, National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Menoufia University, University North, University of Gothenburg, Pomeranian Medical University, University of Lausanne, Institute for Research and Evaluation, Curtin University, Pacific Institute For Research and Evaluation, Biotechnology Research Center, Salahaddin University-Erbil, King Saud University, Lebanese French University, Ahmadu Bello University, Technische Universität Berlin, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, University of Kentucky, IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo, Pabna University of Science and Technology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, CUF Porto Hospital, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, Wuhan University, Flinders University, National Center For Child Health and Development, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Kursk State Medical University, Suraj Eye Institute, Mysore Medical College, Makerere University, Clinical Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, International Islamic University, Islamabad, University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Bridge University, University of Cambridge, University of Benin, University of Bucharest, Ministry of Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, University of Lagos, University of Utah, Translational Research Institute, Western Sydney University, National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Ajman University, Ekiti State University, Ministry of Health, University of Nigeria, Umeå University, National Research University Higher School of Economics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Harokopio University of Athens, Anglia Ruskin University, Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, Yonsei University Health System, Kosin University, Ochsner Medical Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Berhampur University, Tribhuvan University, International Institute for Population Sciences, Durban University of Technology, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Amirkabir University of Technology, Sharif University of Technology, University of Central Florida, Cancer Institute (WIA), University of Alberta, University of Rajshahi, Federation University, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCD, Emory University, Ministry of Health and Population, University of Colombo, Sirjan University of Technology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Universidad de Antioquia, Harvard Global Health Institute, Ospedale “M. Bufalini” di Cesena, Golestan University, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, University of Botswana, National Institute of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Providence College, Brown University, Ain Shams University, Marshall University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Bournemouth University, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, University of Zagreb, Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Delhi Technological University, University of Edinburgh, The University of Tokyo, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Baystate Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Democritus University of Thrace, Boston College, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, King Hussein Cancer Center, Child Health Research Foundation, Institute of Oncology Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitat de València, IMDEA Networks, Osaka International Cancer Institute, National University of Singapore, James Cook University, Mekelle University, University of Adelaide, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hanoi Medical University, University of Auckland, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Queensland University of Technology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Iqra National University, Pakistan Science Foundation, Rush University, Milad Hospital, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, University of Bologna, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Erasmus MC, Northeastern University, University of Nairobi, Federal Institute for Population Research, Technical University of Munich, University of Oslo, George Institute for Global Health, Alberta Health Services, University of Calgary, University of Ottawa, University of Oxford, Debre Tabor University, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Jackson State University, Tsinghua University, Hacettepe University Hospital, University of South Carolina, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Zhejiang University, Universidade de Brasília
GBD-estimated health care access and quality index
Smoking prevalence
Alcohol use
dependent variables
Cancer MIRs (mortality-to-incidence ratios)
Cancer mortality estimates
Cancer incidence estimates
Cancer prevalence estimates
Cancer-specific YLDs (years lived with disability)
Cancer-specific YLLs (years of life lost)
Cancer-specific DALYs (disability-adjusted life years)
control variables
Total mortality for all causes of death
GBD-estimated background mortality
positive controls
None mentioned
negative controls
None mentioned
Annotations
Based on most similar protocols
Etiam vel ipsum. Morbi facilisis vestibulum nisl. Praesent cursus laoreet felis. Integer adipiscing pretium orci. Nulla facilisi. Quisque posuere bibendum purus. Nulla quam mauris, cursus eget, convallis ac, molestie non, enim. Aliquam congue. Quisque sagittis nonummy sapien. Proin molestie sem vitae urna. Maecenas lorem.
As authors may omit details in methods from publication, our AI will look for missing critical information across the 5 most similar protocols.
About PubCompare
Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.
We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.
However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.
Ready to
get started?
Sign up for free.
Registration takes 20 seconds.
Available from any computer
No download required