THP (purity ≥99.0%) was purchased from Shanghai Selleck Chemicals (Shanghai, China). CFA and lipopolysaccharides were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, United States). Primary antibodies against GFAP, Iba-1, NF-κB, p-NF-κB and GAPDH were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). All secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Gibco (St. Louis, United States). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Corning (Manassas, USA). All of the chemicals and reagents used were of standard biochemical quality.12 (link)