The soluble and insoluble NSPs or xylan contents were measured as newly illustrated with minor modifications [18 (link)]. Ileal chyme samples were pretreated with fat extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Subsequently, the supernatant and residue were subjected to different complicated steps such as hydrolysis, washing, centrifugation, and drying. The glycan degradation products were then analyzed for individual sugar concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, Agilent 1200 series, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA); the quantity of arabinose and xylose determined the AX content, and the total sugars represented the total NSP content. Monosaccharide standards consist of galactose (Gal), glucose (Glu), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), fucose (Fuc), rhamnose (Rha), galacturonic acid (Glc), and glucuronic acid (GlcA) (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), which were subjected to the same procedures as the samples.
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