Demographic characteristics, medical history, anthropometrics, and self-reported dietary intake and physical activity were collected at the screening visit. During each of the 4 study visit periods, participants performed personal-level BC exposure monitoring for 5 consecutive days prior to the measurement of health responses. Study outcomes were performed fasting in the morning of each visit day and have been described in detail previously[14 (link), 25 (link)]. HRV was performed using the SpaceLabs EVO digital Holter system (SpaceLabs Healthcare, WA, USA). Aortic augmentation and carotid-femoral PWV determined by SphygmoCor CP device (AtCor Medical, Austrlia) and reactive hyperemial index (RHI) determined using peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT2000, Itamar Medical, Israel). Supine BP was measured using the Omron HEM 907XL device. Fasting venous blood samples for plasma glucose, plasma insulin, lipoproteins, glycated hemoglobin, adiponectin and leptin was measured at PUMC. HOMA-IR was calculated using fasting insulin and glucose measures. Concomitant with day 4 of personal BC, 24-hour ambulatory BP levels was determined and reported previously[14 (link), 25 (link)].