Protein carbonylation (PC) levels were measured by the quantification of carbonyl groups by using the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) alkaline method [65 (link)] with adaptations [66 (link)]. Absorbance was read at 450 nm, and the concentration of carbonyl groups was expressed in nmol/mg of protein, by using 22.308 M−1 cm−1 as the molar extinction coefficient of the carbonyl-dinitrophenylhydrazine adduct [65 (link)].
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined by the quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), which are formed in the reaction between LPO by-products (such as malondialdehyde—MDA) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Absorbance was read at 532 nm, and the results were calculated by using the molar extinction coefficient of MDA (ε = 1.56105 M−1 cm−1) and expressed in nmol/mg of protein [67 ].
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined by the quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), which are formed in the reaction between LPO by-products (such as malondialdehyde—MDA) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Absorbance was read at 532 nm, and the results were calculated by using the molar extinction coefficient of MDA (ε = 1.56105 M−1 cm−1) and expressed in nmol/mg of protein [67 ].
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