Soleus and gastrocnemius muscle of overnight-fasted mice were assayed as described (28 (link)) with modifications (29 (link)). Muscle was homogenized in 10 mmol/L Tris (pH 7.2), 300 mmol/L sucrose, and 2 mmol/L EDTA, injected by syringe into a sealed beaker to be incubated at 30°C for 45 min in the presence of 0.2 mmol/L of [1-14C]palmitate (0.5 µCi/mL) and 2 mmol/L ATP in incubation buffer (100 mmol/L sucrose, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl, 5 mmol/L potassium phosphate, 80 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 2 mmol/L l-carnitine, 0.1 mmol/L malic acid, 0.05 mmol/L CoA, 1 mmol/L dithiothreitol, 0.2 mmol/L EDTA, and 0.5% BSA, pH 7.4). The reaction was terminated with glacial acetic acid, and trapped CO2 radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation in CytoScint (MP Biomedicals).