BrdU incorporation assay was used to determine the effects of nicotine on cell proliferation. This assay was performed using a BrdU incorporation assay kit (Cell Signaling, Danvers, Massachusetts) as described previously.21 (link) Briefly, 48 hours after nicotine treatment, mESCs were treated with 10 mM BrdU for 4 hours and incubated with anti-BrdU peroxidase conjugate for 90 minutes before adding a tetramethylbenzidine substrate. Incorporated BrdU was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader, and data were represented as fold change compared to control group.