L1S protein was expressed in E. coli with a pTrcHis (Invitrogen) construct and purified as previously described (23 (link)). Briefly, log phase bacteria were incubated 8 h with IPTG to induce protein expression. Following cell lysis and DNAse treatment, lysates with centrifuges to pellet cellular debris. Supernatants were filtered in a 0.22 μm syringe filter and loaded onto and ATKA FPLC for nickel (Ni) column affinity purification of the 6 x His tagged protein. Aliquots of fractions eluted from the column were evaluated using SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining. In some experiments, polymixin B columns were used to further purify L1S protein. Fractions containing L1S protein were concentrated using Millipore 10k KD columns and protein concentrations were determined using BCA.