Single-cell suspensions of spleen and lymph nodes were prepared as previously described 9 (link), 10 (link) and resuspended in R10 medium (RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol). Colon lamina propria lymphocytes were prepared using the Lamina Propria Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were then isolated using a 40/75% discontinuous Percoll gradient, washed, and resuspended in R10 medium.