Tumor samples from FAIMoS and Edinburgh were microdissected under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61, Tokyo, Japan) using a sterile needle to ensure a tumor cell content >90% as previously described [30 (link)]. DNA extraction was performed by proteinase K digestion and phenol-chloroform precipitation. Total RNA from FAIMoS samples was extracted from un-microdissected sections using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Hamburg, Germany) as previously described [31 (link)]. RNA purity and integrity was assessed using the Agilent Bioanalyzer (Santa Clara, CA, USA), with samples only being analyzed if RNA integrity scores were >5.0. Sample processing and RNA extraction from samples of the Edinburgh cohort has been previously described [6 (link)]. For cell lines, DNA was extracted using the DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen) and RNA was extracted using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen).
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