Reagents were obtained from the following sources. Monoclonal antibody phospho-T389 S6K1, rabbit antibody S6K, and rabbit antibody ATF4, which could react with antigens from rat, were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Rabbit antibody LC3 was obtained from MBL, rabbit antibody β-actin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, and rabbit antibody SLC7A5 was obtained from Cosmo Bio Company and could react with antigens from rat. 2-Aminobicyclo-(2, 2, 1)-heptane-2-carboxyl acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. EvaGreen was obtained from Biotium and Trizol from Invitrogen. RNeasy Mini kit was purchased from QIAGEN, RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit from Fermentas, BCA Protein Assay kit from Thermo Fisher Scientific, and Fluoromount-G from SouthernBiotech. Western blots were performed as described previously (Yu et al., 2010 (link)).