Bacteria (Nine Mile and Guyana strains of C. burnetii) were prepared as previously reported (12 (link)). Avirulent variants of Nine Mile bacteria were obtained after repeated passages in L929 cells. Bacteria were stored at −80°C, their concentration was determined by Gimenez staining, and bacterial viability was assessed using the live/dead BacLight bacterial viability kit (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies) (51 (link)). Bacteria were inactivated at 95°C for 30 min. S. aureus (ATCC 25923) bacteria were grown on blood agar plates (bioMérieux) and quantified by flow cytometry (FACS BD Fortessa).
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