Insulin Resistance in FA-Induced Hepatic Cells

The insulin resistance of high FA-induced hepatic cells was as described previously [27 (link)]. Hepa1-6 cells were seeded for 24 h. The cell culture medium was then exchanged with an FA-conditioned medium (25 mM glucose, and 0.5 mM palmitic acid and oleic acid) containing/not containing ginsenosides for 36 h. The cells were then treated with 1 nM insulin in serum-free low-glucose DMEM (5 mM glucose) for 12 h. The cell culture supernatants were collected for measurement (E1010, Applygen, Beijing, China) using a microplate reader (Infinite 50, Tecan, Mannedorf, Switzerland).