The human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines PANC-1, MiaPaCa-2, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, and PA-TU-8902 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. The pancreatic cancer cell line MDA Panc-28 was a gift from Dr. Paul J. Chiao (The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX). The human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line FG was obtained from Michael P. Vezeridis (The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI) (16 (link)). The human metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line COLO357 and its fast-growing liver-metastatic variant in nude mice, L3.7, were described previously (12 (link)). All of these cell lines were maintained in plastic flasks as adherent monolayers in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium pyruvate, nonessential amino acids, L-glutamine, and a vitamin solution (Flow Laboratories). PANC-1, MiaPaCa-2, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, and PA-TU-8902 were characterized or authenticated by the American Type Culture Collection using short tandem repeat profiling and passaged in our laboratory for fewer than 6 months after receipt. A competitive LDHA inhibitor, oxamate sodium, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (17 (link)).