Fresh tissues were obtained from each nodule and healthy lung tissue 5 cm from each lesion. Healthy tissues were pathologically confirmed postoperatively. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh tissues using the QIAamp DNA Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Germany). All the samples were subjected to wide panel-genomic sequencing (pan-cancer 1021-gene panel, Geneplus Technology Inc.) at the coverage depth of 1800 × . DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the same patients served as a germline DNA reference. The detection and data analysis were performed as described previously [45 (link), 46 (link)].
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