Cross-sectional Retinal Imaging Study

A total of 274 individuals were recruited consecutively from the Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Age ≥ 18 years, willingness to sign the informed consent, and willingness to comply with study procedures required in the protocol. The exclusion criteria included age < 18 years; poor retinal image quality; other eye diseases such as severe cataracts, glaucoma, atretopsia, and corneal plague, and subjects known to be distressed by a flashlight or have a photosensitive seizure. Only subject numbers and initials were indicated on the image record and questionnaire for data collection and analysis. The study has obtained approval from the Joint CUHK-NTEC Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CRE-2015.524) and complies with the Declaration of Helsinki principles.