Jurkat T cells were transfected as previously described using the ECM 830 Square Wave Electroporation system (BTX) (32 (link)). The following SMARTpool ON-TARGET Plus siRNA duplexes were purchased from Thermo Scientific: non-targeting pool (D-001810-10-05) and human Elmo1 (L-012851-00-0005). HEK 293T cells were transfected with 1μg empty pEBB-Flag (vector) or Dock2-Flag (from M. Matsuda(5 (link))) plus 4μg pEBB-Elmo-Flag plasmids by calcium phosphate (Profection, Promega). Primary T cells were transfected using the Mouse T cell Nucleofector Kit (Amaxa), with 2×106 CD4+ T cells, 1μg pMAX-GFP (Amaxa) and 4μg expression vectors. Elmo expression plasmids the pEBB-Flag backbone were provided by K.S. Ravichandran. MT123-HA-ubiquitin vector provided by Dirk Bohmann(33 (link)).