The methods for oral biofilm growth and challenge conditions were published before [14 (link), 15 (link)]. Briefly, 15 μL of CCS were added to 485 μL of CFS per well in 24-well plates and grown for 24 h or 48 h at 37 °C in a humidified Forma Series II Incubator (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, USA). CFS media was changed every 24 h.