SHED were pretreated with 0 μM bilirubin, 50 μM bilirubin (Merck), and 50 μM bilirubin plus 10 μM pamidronate (Tokyo Chemical Industry) for 7 days. The cells (4 × 106) were mixed with hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate (40 mg, Zimmer Inc., Warsaw, IN) and were subcutaneously transplanted into 8- to 10-week-old female Balb/c nude/nude (Japan CLEA, Shizuoka, Japan) as described previously [2 (link)]. The implants were harvested 4 weeks after the transplantation. Frozen sections were treated for hematoxylin and eosin staining or immunofluorescent microscopy. The mineralized tissue area is represented as a percentage of the total area as described previously [2 (link)].
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